Literature DB >> 16828236

Spirochetal cyst forms in neurodegenerative disorders,...hiding in plain sight.

Alan B MacDonald1.   

Abstract

Here is proposed a hypothesis that a completely unsuspected biology exists for pathogenic spirochetes, namely that the cystic spirochetal forms (long thought to be static and resting or just a dormant cohort) actually are capable of killing mammalian host cells. At least two "lethal" scenarios are proposed; first, the host cell destruction from the "inside out" by small caliber cystic forms invading the host cell cytoplasm, and second host cell destruction by engulfment of entire host cells by large caliber cystic spirochetal forms. Conventional thinking about spirochetal cyst forms is divided between two polar spheres of influence; one a majority community that completely denies the existence of spirochetal cyst forms, and a second group of academically persecuted individuals who accepts the precepts of such antebellum scientists as Schaudinn, Hoffman, Dutton, Levaditi, Balfour, Fantham, Noguchi, McDonough, Hindle, Steiner, Ingraham, Coutts, Hampp, Warthin, Ovcinnikov, and Delamater. Microscopic images of cystic spirochetes are difficult to ignore, but as has been the case in this century, academic "endowments" have nearly expunged all cystic spirochetal image data from the current textbook versions of what is the truth about the spirochetaceae. If the image database from the last century is obliterated; many opportunities to diagnose will be lost. Variously sized cystic spirochetal profiles within diseased nerve cells explain the following structures: Lewy body of Parkinson's disease, Pick body, ALS spherical body, Alzheimer plaque. Borrelia infection is therefore a unifying concept to explain diverse neurodegenerative diseases, based not entirely on a corkscrew shaped profile in diseased tissue, but based on small, medium and large caliber rounded cystic profiles derived from pathogenic spirochetes which are..."hiding in plain sight".

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Year:  2006        PMID: 16828236     DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.04.025

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Med Hypotheses        ISSN: 0306-9877            Impact factor:   1.538


  12 in total

Review 1.  Lyme Disease Frontiers: Reconciling Borrelia Biology and Clinical Conundrums.

Authors:  Vladimir V Bamm; Jordan T Ko; Iain L Mainprize; Victoria P Sanderson; Melanie K B Wills
Journal:  Pathogens       Date:  2019-12-16

2.  Effect of RpoN, RpoS and LuxS Pathways on the Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Borrelia Burgdorferi.

Authors:  Eva Sapi; Priyanka A S Theophilus; Truc V Pham; Divya Burugu; David F Luecke
Journal:  Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)       Date:  2016-11-03

3.  Antimicrobial Activity of Bee Venom and Melittin against Borrelia burgdorferi.

Authors:  Kayla M Socarras; Priyanka A S Theophilus; Jason P Torres; Khusali Gupta; Eva Sapi
Journal:  Antibiotics (Basel)       Date:  2017-11-29

4.  The Long-Term Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi Antigens and DNA in the Tissues of a Patient with Lyme Disease.

Authors:  Eva Sapi; Rumanah S Kasliwala; Hebo Ismail; Jason P Torres; Michael Oldakowski; Sarah Markland; Gauri Gaur; Anthony Melillo; Klaus Eisendle; Kenneth B Liegner; Jenny Libien; James E Goldman
Journal:  Antibiotics (Basel)       Date:  2019-10-11

5.  Characterization of biofilm formation by Borrelia burgdorferi in vitro.

Authors:  Eva Sapi; Scott L Bastian; Cedric M Mpoy; Shernea Scott; Amy Rattelle; Namrata Pabbati; Akhila Poruri; Divya Burugu; Priyanka A S Theophilus; Truc V Pham; Akshita Datar; Navroop K Dhaliwal; Alan MacDonald; Michael J Rossi; Saion K Sinha; David F Luecke
Journal:  PLoS One       Date:  2012-10-24       Impact factor: 3.240

6.  Atomic force microscopy of bacteria from periodontal subgingival biofilm: Preliminary study results.

Authors:  Francesco Germano; Ennio Bramanti; Claudio Arcuri; Francesco Cecchetti; Marco Cicciù
Journal:  Eur J Dent       Date:  2013-04

7.  Evidence of In Vivo Existence of Borrelia Biofilm in Borrelial Lymphocytomas.

Authors:  E Sapi; K Balasubramanian; A Poruri; J S Maghsoudlou; K M Socarras; A V Timmaraju; K R Filush; K Gupta; S Shaikh; P A S Theophilus; D F Luecke; A MacDonald; B Zelger
Journal:  Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)       Date:  2016-02-09

Review 8.  Alzheimer's Disease: Assessing the Role of Spirochetes, Biofilms, the Immune System, and Amyloid-β with Regard to Potential Treatment and Prevention.

Authors:  Herbert B Allen
Journal:  J Alzheimers Dis       Date:  2016-06-27       Impact factor: 4.472

9.  Effect of dapsone alone and in combination with intracellular antibiotics against the biofilm form of B. burgdorferi.

Authors:  Richard I Horowitz; Krithika Murali; Gauri Gaur; Phyllis R Freeman; Eva Sapi
Journal:  BMC Res Notes       Date:  2020-09-29

10.  Evaluating polymicrobial immune responses in patients suffering from tick-borne diseases.

Authors:  Kunal Garg; Leena Meriläinen; Ole Franz; Heidi Pirttinen; Marco Quevedo-Diaz; Stephen Croucher; Leona Gilbert
Journal:  Sci Rep       Date:  2018-10-29       Impact factor: 4.379

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