Percutaneous revascularization of chronic total occlusions: review of the role of invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of chronic total occlusions (CTO) has a lower success rate than PCI of non-occluded coronary stenosis. Failure to cross the occlusive lesion with a guide wire is the main cause of unsuccessful PCI of a CTO. Multi-imaging modalities may provide valuable information for PCI of CTO. This paper reviews the role of invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities such as intravascular ultrasound, optical coherent reflectometry, CT coronary angiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in facilitating percutaneous coronary intervention of CTO.