PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: (1) To examine survivors with traumatic brain injury (TBI) for symptoms of avoidance and intrusion, two dimensions of post-traumatic stress (PTS) at 6 and 12 months post-injury. (2) To identify risk factors associated with these symptoms. RESEARCH DESIGN: Prospective follow-up study. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Georgia and North Carolina Model Brain Injury Systems participants (n = 198) with mild (19%), moderate (21%) and severe (60%) TBI were interviewed by telephone at 6 and 12 months post-injury. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was used to identify intrusion and avoidance symptoms. RESULTS: Symptoms consistent with severe PTS increased from 11% at 6 months to 16% 12 months post-injury (p < 0.003). African-Americans (p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05) reported greater symptomatology at 12 months compared to their counterparts. TBI severity and memory of the event were not associated with PTS-like symptoms. Symptoms increased over time when examined by race, injury intent, gender and age (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of severity, survivors with TBI are at risk for developing symptoms consistent with PTS. Amnesia for the injury event was not protective against developing these symptoms. African-Americans appear to be at greatest risk.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: (1) To examine survivors with traumatic brain injury (TBI) for symptoms of avoidance and intrusion, two dimensions of post-traumatic stress (PTS) at 6 and 12 months post-injury. (2) To identify risk factors associated with these symptoms. RESEARCH DESIGN: Prospective follow-up study. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Georgia and North Carolina Model Brain Injury Systems participants (n = 198) with mild (19%), moderate (21%) and severe (60%) TBI were interviewed by telephone at 6 and 12 months post-injury. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was used to identify intrusion and avoidance symptoms. RESULTS: Symptoms consistent with severe PTS increased from 11% at 6 months to 16% 12 months post-injury (p < 0.003). African-Americans (p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05) reported greater symptomatology at 12 months compared to their counterparts. TBI severity and memory of the event were not associated with PTS-like symptoms. Symptoms increased over time when examined by race, injury intent, gender and age (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of severity, survivors with TBI are at risk for developing symptoms consistent with PTS. Amnesia for the injury event was not protective against developing these symptoms. African-Americans appear to be at greatest risk.
Authors: Juliet Haarbauer-Krupa; Christopher A Taylor; John K Yue; Ethan A Winkler; Romain Pirracchio; Shelly R Cooper; John F Burke; Murray B Stein; Geoffrey T Manley Journal: J Neurotrauma Date: 2016-06-10 Impact factor: 5.269
Authors: Heidi Jeannet Graff; Volkert Siersma; Anne Møller; Jakob Kragstrup; Lars L Andersen; Ingrid Egerod; Hana Malá Rytter Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2019-04-11 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Chakravarthi Narla; Paul S Jung; Francisco Bautista Cruz; Michelle Everest; Julio Martinez-Trujillo; Michael O Poulter Journal: eNeuro Date: 2019-05-13
Authors: Dominique L G Van Praag; Maryse C Cnossen; Suzanne Polinder; Lindsay Wilson; Andrew I R Maas Journal: J Neurotrauma Date: 2019-08-02 Impact factor: 5.269
Authors: Hagen Andruszkow; Ezin Deniz; Julia Urner; Christian Probst; Orna Grün; Ralf Lohse; Michael Frink; Christian Krettek; Christian Zeckey; Frank Hildebrand Journal: Health Qual Life Outcomes Date: 2014-02-26 Impact factor: 3.186