Behavioral engineering: the reduction of smoking behavior by a conditioning apparatus and procedure.

Recent findings from animal conditioning studies have revealed methods of reducing responses to a very low level with a minimum of aversive by-products. These findings were incorporated into the design of a cigarette case that automatically locked itself for a period of time after a cigarette was removed from it. The next cigarette could be taken at the end of the interval, which was signalled by distinctive stimuli. Five heavy smokers were allowed to become accustomed to using the case. Then, the duration for which the case was locked was gradually increased over a period of weeks to about 1 hr. Smoking gradually decreased to the target level of about one-half of a package of cigarettes per day. Control procedures showed that specific features of the apparatus were responsible for the reduction of smoking. The results indicated that this apparatus was sufficiently effective, convenient, and acceptable to smokers to constitute a practical procedure for reducing smoking to the level considered medically safe. The procedure may also have potential for reducing other habit-forming or addictive behaviors.