Investment in the future: a 3-level approach for developing the healthcare leaders of tomorrow.

Among the numerous challenges facing healthcare leaders is the paucity of well-prepared, effective managers. Cuts in recent years have reduced "bench strength," and the demands of managing in a complex industry are significant. The authors describe a 3-level leadership development program created at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center to meet this challenge. Leadership gaps, content for each level, and outcomes are discussed.