Growth and development of Andean high altitude residents.

Growth and development under conditions of chronic hypoxia result in a different pattern of growth in Andean highlanders than in lowlanders. Growth at high altitude results in a small (1 to 4 cm) delay in linear growth, with most, if not all, of the delay probably established at or soon after birth. It also results in an enhancement of lung volumes, particularly residual volume, which is 70%-80% larger in highland than lowland children, on average, with the magnitude of the increase being positively related to age. In addition, growth and development under conditions of chronic hypoxia result in a blunted ventilatory response to hypoxia, a 4% to 5% reduction in Sa(O2), and a substantial increase in pulmonary diffusing capacity. Andean highlanders have V(O2 max) similar to that of lowlanders at low altitude, suggesting that they have successfully adapted to their hypoxic environment. It is likely that both developmental and genetic factors influence most, if not all, components of the cardiorespiratory system of Andean highlanders, but the relative importance of each is not clear.