BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine proteases (calpain and cathepsin B) play an important role in cell death and are upregulated after focal cerebral ischemia. Because there is a significant interaction between MMP-9 with calpain and cathepsin B, we investigated the role of E64d (a calpain and cathepsin B inhibitor) on MMP-9 activation in the rat focal ischemia model. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion by using the suture insertion method followed by 22 hours of reperfusion. In the treatment group, a single dose of E64d (5 mg/kg IP) was administrated 30 minutes before the induction of focal ischemia, whereas the nontreatment group received dimethyl sulfoxide only. The neurological deficits, infarct volumes, Evans blue extravasation, brain edema, and MMP-9 activation in the brain were determined. RESULTS: Pretreatment with E64d produced a significant reduction in the cerebral infarction volume (353.1+/-19.8 versus 210.3+/-23.7 mm3) and the neurological deficits. Immunofluorescence studies showed MMP-9, calpain, and cathepsin B activation colocalized to both neurons and the neurovascular endothelial cells after ischemia, which was reduced by E64d. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that E64d treatment provides a neuroprotective effect to rats after transient focal cerebral ischemia by inhibiting the upregulation of MMP-9.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine proteases (calpain and cathepsin B) play an important role in cell death and are upregulated after focal cerebral ischemia. Because there is a significant interaction between MMP-9 with calpain and cathepsin B, we investigated the role of E64d (a calpain and cathepsin B inhibitor) on MMP-9 activation in the rat focal ischemia model. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion by using the suture insertion method followed by 22 hours of reperfusion. In the treatment group, a single dose of E64d (5 mg/kg IP) was administrated 30 minutes before the induction of focal ischemia, whereas the nontreatment group received dimethyl sulfoxide only. The neurological deficits, infarct volumes, Evans blue extravasation, brain edema, and MMP-9 activation in the brain were determined. RESULTS: Pretreatment with E64d produced a significant reduction in the cerebral infarction volume (353.1+/-19.8 versus 210.3+/-23.7 mm3) and the neurological deficits. Immunofluorescence studies showed MMP-9, calpain, and cathepsin B activation colocalized to both neurons and the neurovascular endothelial cells after ischemia, which was reduced by E64d. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that E64d treatment provides a neuroprotective effect to rats after transient focal cerebral ischemia by inhibiting the upregulation of MMP-9.
Authors: Heather Romine; Katherine M Rentschler; Kaitlan Smith; Ayanna Edwards; Camille Colvin; Karen Farizatto; Morgan C Pait; David Butler; Ben A Bahr Journal: Eur Sci J Date: 2017-10
Authors: Himakarnika Alluri; Marcene Grimsley; Chinchusha Anasooya Shaji; Kevin Paul Varghese; Shenyuan L Zhang; Chander Peddaboina; Bobby Robinson; Madhava R Beeram; Jason H Huang; Binu Tharakan Journal: J Biol Chem Date: 2016-11-08 Impact factor: 5.157