Ratios of template responses as the basis of semivision.

The template model starts with a layer of receptors that in the case of vision are leaky detectors or counters of photons. In many animals, the ratio of the responses of a few spectral types is the basis of colour vision irrespective of intensity. Ratios of template responses are now introduced as the basis of form discrimination. In insects, the second-order neurons on the visual pathway appear to detect temporal contrast at the spatial resolution of the retina. At the next level, in the optic medulla, we find a large number of small local neurons in a column on each visual axis. The template theory is a hypothesis about how the above system functions. All possible combinations of positive, indeterminate or negative temporal contrast are considered, at two adjacent visual axes at two successive instants, giving 81 possible local templates. These templates are therefore phasic detectors of all the possible spatiotemporal contrast combinations. Some of the template responses indicate polarity of edge, flicker, or direction of motion and other abstracted features of the stimulus pattern with the maximum spatial and temporal resolution. The ratios of numbers of template responses, in higher fields at a higher level, yield quantitative measures of the qualities of edges independently of the number of edges, but taking ratios causes a corresponding loss of the spatiotemporal resolution and the pattern within each field. Templates respond to transients without computation, are readily modified or selected in evolution and can be simulated in artificial vision.