Structural congruence among membrane-active host defense polypeptides of diverse phylogeny.

A requisite for efficacious host defense against pathogens and predators has prioritized evolution of effector molecules thereof. A recent multidimensional analysis of physicochemical properties revealed a novel, unifying structural signature among virtually all classes of cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides. This motif, termed the gamma-core, is seen in host defense peptides from organisms spanning more than 2.6 billion years of evolution. Interestingly, many toxins possess the gamma-core signature, consistent with discoveries of their direct antimicrobial activity. Many microbicidal chemokines (kinocidins) likewise contain iterations of the gamma-core motif, reconciling their antimicrobial efficacy. Importantly, these polypeptide classes have evolved to target and modulate biomembranes in protecting respective hosts against unfavorable interactions with potential pathogens or predators. Extending on this concept, the current report addresses the hypothesis that antimicrobial peptides, kinocidins, and polypeptide toxins are structurally congruent and share a remarkably close phylogenetic relationship, paralleling their roles in host-pathogen relationships. Analyses of their mature amino acid sequences demonstrated that cysteine-stabilized antimicrobial peptides, kinocidins, and toxins share ancient evolutionary relatedness stemming from early precursors of the gamma-core signature. Moreover, comparative 3-D structure analysis revealed recurring iterations of antimicrobial peptide gamma-core motifs within kinocidins and toxins. However, despite such congruence in gamma-core motifs, the kinocidins diverged in overall homology from microbicidal peptides or toxins. These findings are consistent with observations that chemokines are not toxic to mammalian cells, in contrast to many antimicrobial peptides and toxins. Thus, specific functions of these molecular effectors may be governed by specific configurations of structural modules associated with a common gamma-core motif. These concepts are consistent with the hypothesis that the gamma-core is an archetype determinant in polypeptides that target or regulate with biological membranes, with specific iterations optimized to unique or cognate host defense contexts. Quantitative and qualitative data suggest these protein families emerged through both parallel and divergent processes of modular evolution. Taken together, the current and prior findings imply that the gamma-core motif contributes to conserved structures and functions of host defense polypeptides. The presence of this unifying molecular signature in otherwise diverse categories of membrane-active host defense peptides implies an ancient and essential role for such a motif in effector molecules governing host-pathogen relationships.