Recognition and management of pediatric seizures.

It is not unusual for the primary care provider to have a child present with unusual paroxysmal events or dermatological lesions that bear further investigation. Although most children with epilepsy are treated and managed by pediatric neurologists, it is imperative that the primary care provider have a clear understanding of associated comorbidities, as well as information on the available anti-epileptic drugs, their side effects, and the need for further monitoring. Those children with epilepsy whose seizures become intractable, failing to be controlled with three or more medications used appropriately at adequate doses, should be referred to a comprehensive epilepsy center for consideration for other treatments. These may include the ketogenic diet, vagal nerve stimulation, or epilepsy surgery.