Anisotropic optical properties in electroluminescent conjugated polymers based on grazing angle photoluminescence measurements.

Grazing angle photoluminescence (GPL) originates from a waveguided light emitted at grazing angle to the substrate due to the total internal reflections, and the light emission is polarized with enhanced intensity at selective mode wavelength. GPL measurements reveal the optical anisotropy of luminescent conjugated polymers, in particular, the alignment of emitting dipoles from which emission occurs, in contrast to spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements that give the anisotropy in the absorption. Based on the GPL emission intensities and spectra, we investigate the anisotropic optical properties in electroluminescent poly(9,9'-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) conjugated polymer thin films of different molecular weights (M(n) = 9-255 kg/mol), both in the pristine and annealed states. The optical anisotropy in F8BT films generally increases with molecular weight, suggesting that higher molecular weight polymers with longer chains are more likely to lie in-plane to the substrate. Upon annealing, high molecular weight F8BT films show even a higher degree of anisotropy, in contrast to low molecular weight F8BT films that become more isotropic. Annealing causes the polymer chains to rearrange and adopt a configuration in which the interchain exciton migration to better ordered low energy (LE) emissive states is strongly suppressed. We observe that the emissive states in F8BT are strongly affected by the local polymer chain arrangement, producing the less ordered high energy (HE) emissive states near the substrate interface where there is a higher degree of chain disorder and the LE states in the bulk of the film. When spin coated onto a quartz substrate precoated with a poly(styrenesulfonate)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS) layer, films of F8BT show severe luminescence quenching near the PEDOT:PSS interface for both the LE and HE emissive states, but a selective quenching of the LE states in the bulk of the film. These observations have important implications for fabricating efficient electronic devices using conjugated polymers as an active material, since the performance of these devices will strongly depend on anisotropic optical properties of electroluminescent conjugated polymers.