Volatiles from the venom of five species of paper wasps (Polistes dominulus, P. gallicus, P. nimphus, P. sulcifer and P. olivaceus).

The venom volatiles of five paper wasp species, four European belonging to the subgenus Polistes sensu stricto (P. dominulus, P. gallicus, P. nimphus, P. sulcifer) and one belonging to the Asian subgenus Gyrostoma (P. olivaceus), have been sampled by headspace solid phase micro-extraction and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The venom volatile components of Polistes wasps have never been fully investigated before, although the presence of some spiroacetals has been previously reported in literature. The composition of the venom was qualitatively and quantitatively different among the analysed species with the major substances tentatively identified, on the basis of their mass spectra, as: spiroacetals, mainly 2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, two amides, N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide and N-(3-methylbutyl)propanamide and acetates of saturated, mono- and di-unsaturated 2-alcohols with an odd number of carbon atoms in the chain. The acetate of a di-unsaturated 2-alcohol, present in two isomeric forms, identified as (E)- and (Z)-5-tangerinol has never been reported in literature for insects. Propanoates of the same 2-alcohols were only found in the venom of P. gallicus. Both the amides and the above-mentioned spiroacetal have been already shown to be alarm pheromones in other social wasps, while the acetates and propanoates have ever been reported in this taxon.