G Compagnone1, P Angelini, L Pagan. 1. Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Policlinico S. Orsola Malpighi, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, I-40138, Bologna, Italy. gcompa@aosp.bo.it
Abstract
PURPOSE: The Italian Decree of Law 187/2000 provides for many fulfilments relevant to justification and optimisation of medical exposures that can complicate the daily work of radiology departments if considered as mere legal requirements. On the contrary, this law should be regarded as a good opportunity to analyse and optimise working practices. To this end, the Emilia- Romagna Region carried out an initial assessment of medical exposures to its population in 2001 followed by a second survey taking into account new dosimetric evaluations. This paper illustrates the results of this second survey and analyses the most significant parameters in comparison with similar studies reported in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We first determined the examinations to be considered: 12 easily identifiable examinations divided into macroaggregates were selected for conventional radiography and computed tomography (CT). Hospitals of the Emilia-Romagna Region were directly asked to provide the number of examinations performed subdivided by type and grouped by nomenclature code, some technical parameters related to both examination protocol and equipment and the value of dose quantities as measured by local medical physicists. RESULTS: Study of distribution of the entrance skin dose for different examinations in single hospitals showed no systematic differences in kilovoltage settings versus dose whereas the number of examinations tended to be inversely proportional to dose. These trends could be explained by the fact that in hospitals where many examinations of the same type are performed, operators, equipment and procedures are well integrated, leading to a level of specialisation that allows efficient interaction in order to deliver an "optimal dose". Analysis of the "entrance skin dosemax"/"entrance skin dosemin" ratios for various projections and comparison with literature data seem to show that a "scale factor" has a fundamental role in the variability of entrance skin dose values amongst hospitals and that "chest" examinations are the most critical, with the greatest differences in entrance skin doses. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluations performed in this study show that this type of analysis heavily relies not only on the cooperation of all professionals responsible for patient radiation protection but also on the experience gained during previous surveys because data collection is a very critical process that can invalidate, if not carefully performed, all subsequent processing.
PURPOSE: The Italian Decree of Law 187/2000 provides for many fulfilments relevant to justification and optimisation of medical exposures that can complicate the daily work of radiology departments if considered as mere legal requirements. On the contrary, this law should be regarded as a good opportunity to analyse and optimise working practices. To this end, the Emilia- Romagna Region carried out an initial assessment of medical exposures to its population in 2001 followed by a second survey taking into account new dosimetric evaluations. This paper illustrates the results of this second survey and analyses the most significant parameters in comparison with similar studies reported in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We first determined the examinations to be considered: 12 easily identifiable examinations divided into macroaggregates were selected for conventional radiography and computed tomography (CT). Hospitals of the Emilia-Romagna Region were directly asked to provide the number of examinations performed subdivided by type and grouped by nomenclature code, some technical parameters related to both examination protocol and equipment and the value of dose quantities as measured by local medical physicists. RESULTS: Study of distribution of the entrance skin dose for different examinations in single hospitals showed no systematic differences in kilovoltage settings versus dose whereas the number of examinations tended to be inversely proportional to dose. These trends could be explained by the fact that in hospitals where many examinations of the same type are performed, operators, equipment and procedures are well integrated, leading to a level of specialisation that allows efficient interaction in order to deliver an "optimal dose". Analysis of the "entrance skin dosemax"/"entrance skin dosemin" ratios for various projections and comparison with literature data seem to show that a "scale factor" has a fundamental role in the variability of entrance skin dose values amongst hospitals and that "chest" examinations are the most critical, with the greatest differences in entrance skin doses. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluations performed in this study show that this type of analysis heavily relies not only on the cooperation of all professionals responsible for patient radiation protection but also on the experience gained during previous surveys because data collection is a very critical process that can invalidate, if not carefully performed, all subsequent processing.