Effects of cooling rate on seeds exposed to liquid nitrogen temperatures.

The effect of cooling rate on seeds was studied by hydrating pea (Pisum sativum), soybean (Glycine max), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds to different levels and then cooling them to - 190 degrees C at rates ranging from 1 degrees C/minute to 700 degrees C/minute. When seeds were moist enough to have freezable water (> 0.25 gram H(2)O/gram dry weight), rapid cooling rates were optimal for maintaining seed vigor. If the seeds were cooled while at intermediate moisture levels (0.12 to 0.20 gram H(2)O per gram dry weight), there appeared to be no effect of cooling rate on seedling vigor. When seeds were very dry (< 0.08 gram H(2)O per gram dry weight), cooling rate had no effect on pea, but rapid cooling rates had a marked detrimental effect on soybean and sunflower germination. Glass transitions, detected by differential scanning calorimetry, were observed at all moisture contents in sunflower and soybean cotyledons that were cooled rapidly. In pea, glasses were detectable when cotyledons with high moisture levels were cooled rapidly. The nature of the glasses changed with moisture content. It is suggested that, at high moisture contents, glasses were formed in the aqueous phase, as well as the lipid phase if tissues had high oil contents, and this had beneficial effects on the survival of seeds at low temperatures. At low moisture contents, glasses were observed to form in the lipid phase, and this was associated with detrimental effects on seed viability.