Dissipation of pH Gradients in Tonoplast Vesicles and Liposomes by Mixtures of Acridine Orange and Anions: Implications for the Use of Acridine Orange as a pH Probe.

Acridine orange altered the response to anions of both ATP and in-organic pyrophosphate-dependent pH gradient formation in tonoplast vesicles isolated from oat (Avena sativa L.) roots and red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) storage tissue. When used as a fluorescent pH probe in the presence of I(-), ClO(3) (-), NO(3) (-), Br(-), or SCN(-), acridine orange reported lower pH gradients than either quinacrine or [(14)C]methylamine. Acridine orange, but not quinacrine, reduced [(14)C]methylamine accumulation when NO(3) (-) was present indicating that the effect was due to a real decrease in the size of the pH gradient, not a misreporting of the gradient by acridine orange. Other experiments indicated that acridine orange and NO(3) (-) increased the rate of pH gradient collapse both in tonoplast vesicles and in liposomes of phosphatidylcholine and that the effect in tonoplast vesicles was greater at 24 degrees C than at 12 degrees C. It is suggested that acridine orange and certain anions increase the permeability of membranes to H(+), possibly because protonated acridine orange and the anions form a lipophilic ion pair within the vesicle which diffuses across the membrane thus discharging the pH gradient. The results are discussed in relation to the use of acridine orange as a pH probe. It is concluded that the recently published evidence for a NO(3) (-)/H(+) symport involved in the export of NO(3) (-) from the vacuole is probably an artefact caused by acridine orange.