Starch metabolism in the leaf sheaths and culm of rice.

The levels of starch and dextrin, free sugars, soluble protein, and enzymes involved in starch metabolism-alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, phosphorylase, Q-enzyme, R-enzyme, and ADP-glucose starch synthetases-were assayed in the leaf sheaths and culm of the rice plant (Oryza sativa L., variety IR8) during growth.Starch accumulation in the leaf sheaths reached a maximum 10 to 11 weeks after transplanting, the time of development of the rice panicle. Maximal concentration of free sugars occurred earlier. Starch and sugars in the leaf sheaths and culm decreased rapidly during grain development.During starch accumulation, the starch granules of the leaf sheaths increased slightly in size and its gelatinization temperature decreased. The molecular size of amylose and amylopectin and amylose content of the starch were similar in both culm and leaf sheaths.Changes in the level of soluble protein paralleled changes in starch level in the leaf sheaths. Among the enzymes, only synthetase bound to the starch granule paralleled the level of starch in the leaf sheaths and in the culm. ADP-glucose, but not UDP-glucose, was utilized as a glucosyl donor by these starch synthetases. Zymograms of these extracts showed only one alpha-amylase band, one beta-amylase band, two phosphorylase bands, and one Q-enzyme band.