Traumatic brain injury and pain.

The co-occurrence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and pain is quite frequent and presents a number of challenges to the medical practitioner. The distinct nature and extent of these challenges calls for considering the co-existence of TBI and pain a unique medical entity. Clearly, from a research standpoint, the area is in its infancy. The clinician is often left with adapting standard techniques effective for evaluating and treating pain in patients without TBI. Such adaptations require a readiness to recognize how pain affects the presence and course of TBI-related symptoms and, in turn, how TBI symptoms affect the presence and course of pain. Given the myriad factors that can affect outcome, effective evaluation and treatment of this co-occurring problem need to rely on a biopsychosocial model, which encourages consideration of a broad perspective of possible causes and care approaches as well as use of multiple disciplines.