Surface roughness effects in granular matter: influence on angle of repose and the absence of segregation.

We investigate the effect of nanoscale variations in the surface roughness of individual particles on macroscale granular flow characteristics. Experiments were conducted in circular rotating tumblers with smooth and rough 2 and 3 mm steel particles. The smooth beads had a rms surface roughness of approximately 30 to 60 nm; rough beads had a surface roughness of approximately 240 to 350 nm. The dynamic angle of repose for rough particles increased by 10 degrees to 25 degrees over that of smooth particles over a wide range of rotation speeds. Even though surface roughness affects the angle of repose, we were unable to detect any segregation of bidisperse mixtures of rough and smooth particles in the radial direction in two-dimensional (2D) tumblers. Furthermore, no axial banding segregation occurred in 3D tumblers, both cylindrical and spherical. For mixtures of smooth and rough particles, the angle of repose increased monotonically with increasing concentration of rough particles. Particle dynamics simulations verified that the dependence of the angle of repose on the concentration of rough particles can be directly related to the coefficient of friction of the particles. Simulations over a broad range of friction parameters failed to induce segregation solely from differences in the angle of repose. These results indicate that nanoscale surface roughness can affect the flowability and angle of repose of granular matter without driving demixing of the bulk granular material.