Electrochemical detection and characterization of proteins.

On-line detection of serum proteins is of clinical relevance, in detecting leaks and biofouling in hemofiltration equipment, biofilm growth on prosthetic devices, or hemolysis within a prosthetic or therapeutic device. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed to detect and analyze micromolar concentrations of four globular proteins of clinical importance. CV testing showed that identification and quantification of each of these proteins was possible through analysis of current changes at specific potentials. Preliminary CV studies into the contamination of Bovine Serum Albumin with a microgram amount of one of the other three proteins illustrated that direct detection of the contaminant protein was possible. The analysis of the EIS data demonstrated that with increase in relative concentration of proteins, the amount of electroactive proteins adsorption at the interface increases, leading to increase in surface charge density and capacitance, especially for lower molecular weight proteins. The impedance data was used to determine the values of Gibbs adsorption energy, adsorption coefficients for the four proteins, and develop an equivalent circuit model for the protein-containing solutions.