Osteoporosis-an update.

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by decrease in bone mass per unit volume, compromised bone strength, which predisposes the affected bone to fracture. This is currently one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among elderly over the world. In general, osteoporosis is a silent and progressive disorder that is often brought to attention of the patients or physician only after a fracture. The aetiology of osteoporosis is multifactorial and is related to two main processes: acquisition of peak bone density that occurs at the end of the third decade and loss of bone at menopause, going on to old age. The cardinal features of osteoporosis are pain, fracture and deformity. Bone mineral density measurement is the most reliable diagnostic tool in the early stage of osteoporosis. Management of osteoporosis involves prevention and treatment. The best treatment for osteoporosis is prevention. The risk of osteoporosis can be reduced by increasing peak bone mass or by decreasing the bone loss. It needs to be emphasized that bone mineral density (BMD) peaks at about age 35 and then begins to slowly decline with significant acceleration after menopause.Therefore, the most logical and cost-effective preventive strategies are to encourage young women to stop smoking and avoid excessive use of alcohol. They should also be counseled to exercise regularly and consume adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D.