Photodynamic therapy of microbial infections: state of the art and perspectives.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is coming of age as an efficient alternative treatment for microbial infections, a problem which is presently aggravated by the increasingly widespread diffusion of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains. In particular, the use of red light-absorbing photosensitizers as photodynamic antimicrobial agents is characterized by various favorable features, including: (a) the broad spectrum of antimicrobial action of selected phenothiazines, porphyrins, and phthalocyanines, which promote the photosensitized inactivation of Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, and parasites by using one phototherapeutic protocol and mild irradiation conditions; (b) porphyrins/phthalocyanines display no appreciable toxicity in the dark at photochemically active doses; (c) microbial cell death is primarily a consequence of membrane photodamage through a typically multitarget process, which minimizes the risk of both the onset of mutagenic processes and the selection of photoresistant cells; (d) such photosensitizers act with essentially identical efficiency against both wild and antibiotic-resistant strains, whereas no selection of photoresistant microbial pathogens has been observed; (e) a combination between antibiotic-based and photodynamic therapy is possible. A typical example of phthalocyanine-sensitized photoinactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is provided. At present, antimicrobial PDT appears to be especially convenient for the treatment of localized infections, such as oral candidosis, periodontitis or chronic wounds.