RNA--protein interactions within the internal translation initiation region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA.

Various derivatives of the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) RNA have been used to analyze by UV-cross-linking its interaction with mRNA binding proteins from ascites carcinoma Krebs-2 cells. A doublet of proteins with Mr 58 and 60 kD bound to two regions of the IRES. One site is centered at nt 420-421 of EMCV RNA whereas the other is located between nt 315-377. Both sites form hairpin structures, the loops of which contain UCUUU motif, conserved among cardio- and aphthoviruses. The interaction of p58 and p60 with IRES is affected by the integrity of the stem-loop structure proximal to the start AUG codon (nts 680-787), although, under similar conditions, cross-linking of these proteins to this region was not detected. Deletions in the main recognition site of p58 strongly reduce the initiation activity of the IRES in vitro. However, elimination of p58 (p60) binding by these mutations does not completely abolish the ability of the IRES to direct polypeptide synthesis starting from the authentic AUG codon. The IRES can be assembled in vitro from two covalently unlinked transcripts, one containing the target site for p58 and the other encompassing the remaining part of the IRES fused to a reporter gene, resulting in considerable restoration of its activity. Implications of these findings for the mechanism of initiation resulting from internal entry of ribosomes are discussed.