The foot and ankle: an overview of arthrokinematics and selected joint techniques.

Limited range of motion of the ankle is common following a period of immobilization or injury to the lower extremity. If not corrected, this limited range of motion will disturb normal joint arthrokinematics and could affect the athlete's performance. Consequently, the athletic trainer must thoroughly evaluate the various joints of the ankle and foot in order to determine appropriate treatment. A comprehensive evaluation should include assessment of passive accessory motions at the foot and ankle. If accessory movements are restricted at any joint, mobilization techniques can be used to restore normal ankle/foot joint arthrokinematics. This article describes the biomechanics of the tibiofibular, talocrural, subtalar, and midtarsal joints and is a presentation of basic mobilization techniques for the ankle and related joints.