Biofilm formation by bacterial associations under various salinities and copper ion stress.

The study addresses the effect of abiotic (medium salinity and copper ions) and biotic (interactions between populations) factors on the formation of structured communities by binary associations consisting of halotolerant bacteria (Alcaligenes sp. 1-1 or Acinetobacter sp. 1-19) and a wild-type B. subtilis 2335 strain or a transgenic strain. The results showed that 250 mg l(-1) of copper ions inhibit formation of biofilms by monocultures of the tested strains. Binary associations of the strains were more resistant to high concentrations (250 mg l(-1)) of copper ions. At the lowest NaCl concentration (0.05% and 2.5%) and in the presence of copper ions, bacilli seemed to help halotolerant bacteria survive. Under increased salinity and in the presence of copper ions, structured communities developed due to halotolerant bacteria. Coexistence under stressful conditions was beneficial for the both groups of bacteria.