Temperature dependence of cardiac performance in the lobster Homarus americanus.

The lobster Homarus americanus inhabits ocean waters that vary in temperature over a 25 degrees C range, depending on the season and water depth. To investigate whether the lobster heart functions effectively over a wide range of temperatures we examine the temperature dependence of cardiac performance of isolated lobster hearts in vitro. In addition, we examined whether modulation of the heart by serotonin depends on temperature. The strength of the heartbeat strongly depends on temperature, as isolated hearts are warmed from 2 to 22 degrees C the contraction amplitude decreases by greater than 60%. The rates of contraction and relaxation of the heart are most strongly temperature dependent in the range from 2 to 4 degrees C but become temperature independent at warmer temperatures. Heart rates increase as a function of temperature both in isolated hearts and in intact animals, however hearts in intact animals beat faster in the temperature range of 12-20 degrees C. Interestingly, acute Q10 values for heart rate are similar in vivo and in vitro over most of the temperature range, suggesting that temperature dependence of heart rate arises mainly from the temperature effects on the cardiac ganglion. In contrast to earlier reports suggesting that the strength and the frequency of the lobster heartbeat are positively correlated, we observe no consistent relationship between these parameters as they change as a function of temperature. Stroke volume decreases as a function of temperature. However, the opposing temperature-dependent increase in heart rate partially compensates to produce a relationship between cardiac output and temperature in which cardiac output is maximal at 10 degrees C and significantly decreases above 20 degrees C. Serotonin potentiates contraction amplitude and heart rate in a temperature-independent manner. Overall, our results show that although the parameters underlying cardiac performance show different patterns of temperature dependence, cardiac output remains relatively constant over most of the wide range of environmental temperatures the lobster inhabits in the wild.