The diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the older patient.

Chronic heart failure is a common problem in old age. Dyspnoea and fatigue are the most common symptoms and should alert the clinician to the likely diagnosis. When there is a clinical suspicion of heart failure, further assessment is required to confirm the aetiology. In older patients, heart failure with normal systolic function is frequently encountered. However, patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction usually have a poorer prognosis, and most treatments have been evaluated in these patients. Useful investigations include the 12-lead electrocardiogram, chest radiology and echocardiography. A blood test for B-type natriuretic peptide is being increasingly used as a 'rule out' test for heart failure. There are several treatment options. Initially, patients should be treated with a diuretic and ACE inhibitor, provided there are no contraindications. beta-Blocker therapy is also first-line therapy once a patients' haemodynamic status has been stabilized. Additional treatments include spironolactone, angiotensin antagonists and digoxin. Patient factors and tolerability may limit the number of treatment options. Treatment regimes are most effective when delivered using a multidisciplinary approach.