Estimating the combined effects of copper and phenol to nitrifying bacteria in wastewater treatment plants.

The inhibition of nitrification by phenol and copper mixtures was studied to investigate the differences between individual and mixture inhibition as the change of phenol and copper speciation due to their reactions. This study showed a decrease in the ammonium removal rate (k, first-order rate coefficient), indicating an increase in the relative % inhibition on nitrification, as the phenol and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations were increased. In the case of copper, the ammonium removal rate decreased as the copper concentration increased and that of the MLSS decreased. This was attributed to the enhanced sorption of copper to heterotrophs at high MLSS concentrations. The relative % inhibition was plotted against free Cu2+ ions, which showed a close relationship. In the tests on copper and phenol mixtures, the mixture effects turned out overestimated by the calculation based on the additional chemical concentrations. In most Cu-phenol mixture tests, the presence of phenol as a complexation ligand caused a reduction of the inhibition rate to nitrifiers over the entire exposure range. Consequently, the prediction of nitrification inhibition in mixture environments, such as wastewater treatment plants, is influenced by the presence of a number of parameters that affect the activity of nitrifiers and, therefore, chemical speciation should be taken into consideration.