Activation of toll-like receptor 9 by DNA from different bacterial species.

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) recognizes unmethylated CpG dinucleotides which are abundant in prokaryotic DNA and yet are rare in eukaryotic DNA. Little is known about the significance of TLR-9 in terms of recognition of different bacterial DNA species. In this study HEK293 cells stably transfected with human TLR-9 were used to analyze the immunostimulatory properties of 15 bacterial DNA preparations. In addition, bacterial genome data were analyzed for the frequency of unmethylated cytosine-guanosine ([CG]) dinucleotides. We observed that DNA samples of different bacteria showed considerable differences in their potential to stimulate TLR-9. This correlated with the frequency of [CG] dinucleotides. Based upon data from our experiments the estimate of immunostimulatory bacterial DNA concentrations translated to as high as 10(9) bacteria/ml. Application of the transfection reagent DOTAP resulted in a more efficient delivery of DNA into the cell, and this went along with increased TLR-9 activation. The data indicate that bacterial DNA preparations from different species differ in their capacity to activate TLR-9, which is dependent on the individual [CG] content. Moreover, increased intracellular delivery results in a marked enhancement of immunostimulation.