Perforation of the augmented bladder.

In 12 of 264 children treated with enterocystoplasty 15 spontaneous perforations occurred. Of the 12 children 9 had myelodysplasia. All segments of the gastrointestinal tract were used for the augmentation and most were detubularized. Surgery to increase bladder outlet resistance was done in 8 cases. At the time of each perforation 9 children had sterile cultures, however, 3 died of overwhelming sepsis. Presenting signs included abdominal pain in 8 cases, septic shock in 4 cases and shoulder pain in 4 older myelodysplastic children with diaphragmatic irritation from escaping urine. Cystography demonstrated a leak in 10 of 11 cases. Urodynamic studies revealed good compliance with low maximum filling pressure in 8 of 10 children. Hyperreflexia was noted in only 5 cases and outlet resistance greater than 85 cm. water was demonstrated in 5. Histological analysis showed changes in the bowel wall consistent with ischemia but suture granulomas were present in areas adjacent to the perforation site or thinned areas in biopsy or autopsy specimens. In addition to the theory that overdistention may cause enterocystoplasty perforation, current detubularization techniques may produce areas of relative ischemia, which become accentuated when the augmented bladder is distended beyond a reasonable volume.