OBJECTIVE: To assess the maternal sociodemographic, anthropometric, dietary and micronutrient status in apparently healthy pregnant women in order to determine their associations with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Bangalore City, India. SUBJECTS: A total of 478 women were recruited at 12.9+/-3.3 weeks of gestation and followed up at the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy and at delivery. The dropout rate was 8.5%. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Birth weight was measured at hospital delivery. RESULTS: The mean birth weight was 2.85+/-0.45 kg. In all, 28.6% of newborns were IUGR. There was a strong inverse relationship between maternal educational level and risk of IUGR. A low body weight at baseline was also associated with a high risk of IUGR. Compared with women in the highest quartile for second trimester weight gain, those in the lowest quartile had a significantly higher adjusted odds ratio (AOR: 3.98; 95% CI: 1.83, 8.65) for IUGR. Women in the lowest tertile for serum vitamin B(12) concentration during each of the three trimesters of pregnancy had significantly higher risk of IUGR (AOR: 5.98, 9.28 and 2.81 for trimesters 1-3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates associations between educational status, maternal weight and gestational weight gain with IUGR. Importantly, in a subsample, there were strong associations of vitamin B(12) status with IUGR, suggesting that better socioeconomic conditions, improved nutritional status and early detection of vitamin B(12) deficiency in pregnancy combined with appropriate interventions are likely to play an important role in reducing IUGR.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the maternal sociodemographic, anthropometric, dietary and micronutrient status in apparently healthy pregnant women in order to determine their associations with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Bangalore City, India. SUBJECTS: A total of 478 women were recruited at 12.9+/-3.3 weeks of gestation and followed up at the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy and at delivery. The dropout rate was 8.5%. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Birth weight was measured at hospital delivery. RESULTS: The mean birth weight was 2.85+/-0.45 kg. In all, 28.6% of newborns were IUGR. There was a strong inverse relationship between maternal educational level and risk of IUGR. A low body weight at baseline was also associated with a high risk of IUGR. Compared with women in the highest quartile for second trimester weight gain, those in the lowest quartile had a significantly higher adjusted odds ratio (AOR: 3.98; 95% CI: 1.83, 8.65) for IUGR. Women in the lowest tertile for serum vitamin B(12) concentration during each of the three trimesters of pregnancy had significantly higher risk of IUGR (AOR: 5.98, 9.28 and 2.81 for trimesters 1-3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates associations between educational status, maternal weight and gestational weight gain with IUGR. Importantly, in a subsample, there were strong associations of vitamin B(12) status with IUGR, suggesting that better socioeconomic conditions, improved nutritional status and early detection of vitamin B(12) deficiency in pregnancy combined with appropriate interventions are likely to play an important role in reducing IUGR.
Authors: Tormod Rogne; Myrte J Tielemans; Mary Foong-Fong Chong; Chittaranjan S Yajnik; Ghattu V Krishnaveni; Lucilla Poston; Vincent W V Jaddoe; Eric A P Steegers; Suyog Joshi; Yap-Seng Chong; Keith M Godfrey; Fabian Yap; Raquel Yahyaoui; Tinku Thomas; Gry Hay; Marije Hogeveen; Ahmet Demir; Ponnusamy Saravanan; Eva Skovlund; Marit P Martinussen; Geir W Jacobsen; Oscar H Franco; Michael B Bracken; Kari R Risnes Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2017-02-01 Impact factor: 4.897
Authors: Tinu Mary Samuel; Christopher Duggan; Tinku Thomas; Ronald Bosch; Ramya Rajendran; Suvi M Virtanen; Krishnamachari Srinivasan; Anura V Kurpad Journal: Ann Nutr Metab Date: 2013-01-22 Impact factor: 3.374