The use of nanoparticles in electroanalysis: a review.

Nanoparticles can display four unique advantages over macroelectrodes when used for electroanalysis: enhancement of mass transport, catalysis, high effective surface area and control over electrode microenvironment. Therefore, much work has been carried out into their formation, characterisation and employment for the detection of many electroactive species. This paper aims to give an overview of the investigations carried out in this field. Particular attention is paid to examples of the advantages and disadvantages nanoparticles show when compared to macroelectrodes and the advantages of one nanoparticle modification over another. Most work has been carried out using gold, silver and platinum metals. However, iron, nickel and copper are also reviewed with some examples of other metals such as iridium, ruthenium, cobalt, chromium and palladium. Some bimetallic nanoparticle modifications are also mentioned because they can cause unique catalysis through the mixing of the properties of both metals.