The multiple ADP/ATP translocase genes are differentially expressed during human muscle development.

The expression of the genes encoding the three isoforms of the human ADP/ATP translocase (T1, T2, and T3) has been analyzed at different stages of myogenic differentiation in an in vitro muscle cell system and compared with that in mature muscle. The results indicate that the three stages of muscle differentiation corresponding to myoblast proliferation, myotube formation, and mature muscle fibers are characterized by a different pattern of expression of the ADP/ATP translocase genes. In particular, the two T2-specific mRNAs are present at high, similar levels in myoblasts and myotubes and markedly decrease in amount in mature adult muscle. By contrast, the T3-specific mRNA is present in high amount in growing myoblasts, decreases markedly in myotubes, and is barely detectable in adult muscle. Finally, the T1-specific mRNA is present at a high level in adult muscle and is not detectable in either myoblasts or myotubes. Therefore, T1 gene expression appears to be a marker of a late stage in myogenesis. A parallel investigation of expression of the myosin heavy chain mRNA revealed absence of hybridization with the specific probe in RNA from proliferating myoblasts, a significant hybridization in myotube RNA, and a strong signal in adult muscle RNA.