Influence of small scale conditions on the diversity of wood decay fungi in a temperate, mixed deciduous forest canopy.

Studies on fungal richness and ecology have been largely disregarded since the first intensive efforts to investigate organismal diversity in forest canopies. We used the Leipzig Canopy Crane research facility to sample wood-decaying fungi in a mixed deciduous forest canopy 10-30 m in height. The structural complexity of the canopy was analysed using different methods, including meteorological measurements. With respect to temperature and relative humidity, marked differences existed between forest floor and upper canopy layers that persisted on smaller scales. Of the 118 taxa found in 128 sample units, pyrenomycetes and corticioid fungi outnumbered other macrofungal groups. Fungal communities showed distinct variations both in species richness and composition with respect to substrate (tree species), height in the canopy, stage of decay, and branch diameter. Pyrenomycetes and their anamorphs dominated the mycobiota on thin, exposed twigs at great heights, indicating their ability to overcome extended periods of drought and high levels of solar irradiance. Other taxa of Tremellales (Exidia spp.), Orbiliales (Hyalorbilia inflatula, Orbilia spp.) or Agaricales (Episphaeria fraxinicola, Cyphellopsis anomala, Lachnella spp.) also exhibited features that enabled them to develop in lesser protected habitats within tree crowns.