Novel application of the "doubly labeled" water method: measuring CO2 production and the tissue-specific dynamics of lipid and protein in vivo.

The partitioning of whole body carbon flux between fat and lean compartments affects body composition. We hypothesized that it is possible to simultaneously determine whole body carbon (energy) balance and the dynamics of lipids and proteins in specific tissues in vivo. Growing C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet were injected with a bolus of "doubly labeled" water (i.e., (2)H2O and H2(18)O). The rate of CO2 production was determined from the difference between the elimination rates of 2H and 18O from body water. The rates of synthesis and degradation of triglycerides extracted from epididymal fat pads and of proteins extracted from heart muscle were determined by mathematically modeling the 2H labeling of triglyceride-bound glycerol and protein-bound alanine, respectively. We found that mice were in positive carbon balance (approximately 20% retention per day) and accumulated lipid in epididymal fat pads (approximately 9 micromol triglyceride accumulated per day). This is consistent with the fact that mice were studied during a period of growth. Modeling the 2H labeling of triglycerides revealed a substantial rate of lipid breakdown during this anabolic state (equivalent to approximately 25% of the newly synthesized triglyceride). We found equal rates of protein synthesis and breakdown in heart muscle (approximately 10% of the pool per day), consistent with the fact that the heart muscle mass did not change. In total, these findings demonstrate a novel application of the doubly labeled water method. Utilization of this approach, especially in unique rodent models, should facilitate studies aimed at quantifying the efficacy of interventions that modulate whole body carbon balance and lipid flux while in parallel determining their impact on (cardiac) muscle protein turnover. Last, the simplicity of administering doubly labeled water and collecting samples allows this method to be used in virtually any laboratory setting.