AAV transcytosis through barrier epithelia and endothelium.

To transduce efficiently barrier epithelia such as the lung is the goal of several gene therapy applications. However, experiments with AAV-2 suggest that transduction is limited in this type of barrier epithelia. In contrast, other serotypes of AAV transduce barrier epithelia and exhibit broad dissemination throughout the tissue. Transcytosis is a process by which proteins and pathogens overcome barrier layers to reach the opposite cell surface. To understand better the entry pathway of AAV particles and their ability to penetrate barrier epithelia, we tested the hypothesis that the limited transduction of some barrier epithelia in vitro or the spread of some AAV serotypes through tissue in vivo is due to transcytosis. Our experiments demonstrate that dependoviruses can penetrate barrier cells by transcytosis. The process is rapid as well as serotype and cell-type specific and can be blocked by neutralizing antibodies, temperature, or chemical inhibitors of transcytosis. The particles isolated following apical-to-basolateral transport are still encapsulated and they can transduce permissive cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, the entry pathway used by AAV-5 for transcytosis appears to be independent of the one used for transduction. Importantly, inhibition of virus transcytosis results in a dramatic increase in intracellular vector and transduction.