Absorption and bioavailability of artepillin C in rats after oral administration.

Artepillin C (AC), an active ingredient of Brazilian propolis, permeates intact across Caco-2 cells by transcellular passive diffusion. The permeation of AC across Caco-2 cells is as efficient as that of phenolic acids and the microbial metabolites of poorly absorbed polyphenols, which are actively absorbed by the monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2005, 1713, 138-144). Here, the absorption of orally administered AC in rats has been studied to evaluate its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in vivo in comparison with those of p-coumaric acid (CA), a substrate of MCT. Rats were given 100 micromol/kg of body weight of AC or CA, and blood was subsequently collected from the portal vein and abdominal artery. AC, CA, and their metabolites were quantified by coulometric detection using HPLC-ECD. The serum concentration of intact AC and CA in the portal vein peaked at 5-10 min after administration, with a C(max) of 19.7 micromol/L for AC and 74.8 micromol/L for CA. The area under the curve (AUC) for intact AC and CA in the portal vein was calculated from the serum concentration as 182.6 and 3057.3 micromol.min.L(-1), respectively. The absorption efficiency of CA was about 17-fold higher than that of AC. Furthermore, the bioavailability of CA was about 278-fold higher than that of AC, and the ratio of AUC in the abdominal artery to AUC in the portal vein was 0.04 and 0.70, for AC and CA, respectively. Thus, AC is likely to be more susceptible to hepatic elimination than is CA. The bioactive compound of AC in vivo should be investigated further.