Assembly of layer-by-layer films of heme proteins and single-walled carbon nanotubes: electrochemistry and electrocatalysis.

After being treated by mixed acids, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were shortened and had negatively charged groups on the surface. Positively charged hemoglobin or myoglobin at pH 5.0 was successfully assembled with SWNTs into layer-by-layer films on solid surfaces, designated as {SWNT/protein}n. While only those proteins in the first few bilayers closest to the electrode surface exhibited electroactivity, the {SWNT/protein}n films demonstrated a much higher fraction of electroactive proteins and better controllability in film construction compared with cast films of the proteins and carbon nanotubes. The proteins in the {SWNT/protein}n films retained their near-native structure at medium pH. The stable protein film electrode showed good electrocatalytic properties toward reduction of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, demonstrating the potential application of the {SWNT/protein}n films as a new type of biosensor based on the direct electrochemistry of proteins without using mediators.