Genetics of drug resistance.

Drug resistance in epilepsy affects about a third of patients and is an important clinical problem, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It is important to consider carefully the definition of drug resistance. Recent interest in the field has focused on the potential molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance. Environmental and seizure-related acquired causes are likely to contribute to the multifaceted basis of resistance in most cases. Genetic causes have attracted particular attention, partly because they may allow prediction of drug resistance and, potentially, rational treatment strategies. Gene mutations, however, are unlikely to cause many cases of drug resistance. However, common variation in genes probably will turn out to generate an important contribution to drug resistance phenomena. Associations between common variations in a number of genes and clinical drug resistance have now been published. However, to date, none of these associations has been unequivocally replicated by others to the extent that the original association has been accepted. Some of these associations are considered. Despite this apparently uninspiring record, the genetics of drug resistance are likely to prove productive in the near future, but their pursuit will require painstaking studies and multicenter collaboration.