Isolation and characterization of retrotransposition-competent LINEs from zebrafish.

Long interspersed elements (LINEs) are a type of retroposon and are widely distributed in most eukaryotic genomes. LINEs are classified into two groups, the stringent type and relaxed type, based on the recognition of the 3' tail of their own RNA by reverse transcriptase (RT) during retrotransposition. Although most LINEs are thought to belong to the stringent type, retrotransposition studies of the stringent type LINEs are relatively limited compared with those of the relaxed type. We have now isolated two retrotransposition-competent LINEs (ZfL2-1 and ZfL2-2) from the zebrafish genome. Both ZfL2-1 and ZfL2-2 are members of the L2 clade; ZfL2-1 encodes two open reading frames (ORFs) and ZfL2-2 encodes one ORF, and each of the ORFs is required for retrotransposition. Using a retrotransposition assay in HeLa cells, we established that both ZfL2-1 and Zfl2-2 belong to the stringent type. We also demonstrated that an esterase (ES) domain encoded by ZfL2-1 ORF1 strongly enhances its own retrotransposition. The ES domain is encoded only in ORF1 of LINEs classified in the CR1 and L2 clades, although its function or significance in retrotransposition has not been elucidated. Thus, this is the first experimental evidence that the ES domain has an enhancing function during retrotransposition. These zebrafish LINEs will be useful for determining the function of ORF1 and the retrotransposition mechanism of stringent-type LINEs.