Effects of temperature, sulfide, and food abundance on growth and feeding of anaerobic ciliates.

The trophic role of ciliates in anaerobic food webs has not been assessed experimentally. In order to obtain basic information necessary to interpret field situations, we studied the effects of temperature, sulfide concentration, and food abundance on the growth and feeding activities of two anaerobic ciliates, Plagiopyla nasuta and Metopus es. The growth rate of P. nasuta increased with temperature from 8 to 18 degrees C (Q(10) = 2.0) and remained constant in the range between 18 and 24 degrees C (0.22 day). Sulfide concentrations of between 0 and 1 mM did not affect the feeding activities, but concentrations greater than 2 mM were inhibitory. The functional response of P. nasuta feeding on fluorescently labeled heterotrophic and phototrophic bacteria was investigated. In both cases, the parameters of the functional response were almost identical when expressed in terms of biovolume: the maximal uptake rate (U(m)) was 1,800 mum ciliate h and the half-saturation constant for ingestion (k) was 1.5 x 10 mum ml. The functional response of M. es feeding on heterotrophic bacteria was found to be similar to that of P. nasuta. These ciliates needed high bacterial abundances in order to maintain their growth (k of about 4 x 10 bacteria ml), implying that they will frequently be food limited in planktonic environments. Both the maximal uptake rates and the maximal clearance rates were comparable to those of aerobic ciliates. By combining the growth and feeding data, we estimated gross growth efficiencies of 12 and 13% for P. nasuta and M. es, respectively. These results indicate that the feeding rates of anaerobic ciliates are similar to those of aerobic ciliates. Their slower growth must, therefore, be due to the lower gross growth efficiency (likely due to anaerobic metabolism).