Characterization of the Binding of Gallium, Platinum, and Uranium to Pseudomonas fluorescens by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering and Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to determine the binding of Ga, U, and Pt to Pseudomonas fluorescens in aqueous buffer. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to quantify the heavy metals during bulk analysis, whereas transmission electron microscopy of whole mounts and thin sections was used to determine the locations of the cell-bound metal precipitates, as well as their sizes and physical structures. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the compositions and identities of the precipitates and helped show that they were associated primarily with the envelope layers of the bacteria. Unlike Ga and Pt, which were located only at the cell surface, U was also found intracellularly in approximately 10% of the cells. This cytoplasmic location ultimately killed and lysed the cells. Surface-bound Ga and U were spread over the entire cell envelope (outer membrane-peptidoglycan-plasma membrane complex), whereas Pt was associated only with the lipopolysaccharide-rich, external face of the outer membrane. SAXS confirmed these data and showed that the bacteria were metal-enshrouded particles that were 1.0 to 1.5 mum in diameter. SAXS also provided a statistically significant representation of the bound metal precipitates, which ranged in size from 10 nm to 1 mum. The correlation between the microscopic data and the scattering data was extremely good. Since SAXS is performed in an aqueous milieu, it yields a more representative picture of the physical state of the metal bound to cell surfaces.