Eco-physiological phases of insect diapause.

Insect diapause is a dynamic process consisting of several successive phases. The conception and naming of the phases is unsettled and, sometimes, ambiguous in the literature. In this paper, the ontogeny of diapause was reviewed and the most often used terms and the best substantiated phases were highlighted, explained and re-defined. The aim was to propose relatively simple and generally applicable terminological system. The phases of diapause induction, preparation, initiation, maintenance, termination and post-diapause quiescence were distinguished. The specific progression through diapause phases in each species, population (genotype), or even individual, is based on (thus far largely unknown) physiological processes, the actual expression of which is significantly modified by diverse environmental factors. Thus, such phases are eco-physiological in their nature.