Tilapia metallothionein genes: PCR-cloning and gene expression studies.

Genomic PCR reactions were performed to isolate gene sequences of tilapia metallothionein (tiMT) from Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis aureus. Two AP1 binding sites, four metal responsive elements, and a TATA box are the major cis-acting elements identified in the 800-bp 5' flanking region of the tiMTs obtained in this study. The tiMT gene promoter cloned from O. aureus was characterized in vitro using PLHC-1 cell-line, a hepatocellular carcinoma of a desert topminnow (Poecciliopsis lucida), following the administrations of Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+. Only Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ were able to induce the transcription of tiMT gene promoter in PLHC-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Zn2+ had the highest fold induction of tiMT gene promoter activity. Deletion mutants were tested for their abilities to drive the transcription of reporter gene following Cd2+ and Zn2+ administrations. However, Cu2+ and Ni2+ also induced the production of hepatic MT mRNA in vivo. Northern blot analysis showed that liver gave the highest fold induction of MT gene expression following the administration of heavy metal ions. These data indicated that hepatic MT mRNA level in tilapia is a potential sensitive biomarker of exposure to various metal ions including Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Hg2+ and Zn2+ ions.