BACKGROUND: For nitrous oxide, a preconditioning effect on the heart has yet not been investigated. This is important because nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with volatile anesthetics, which are known to precondition the heart. The authors aimed to clarify (1) whether nitrous oxide preconditions the heart, (2) how it affects protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine kinases (such as Src) as central mediators of preconditioning, and (3) whether isoflurane-induced preconditioning is influenced by nitrous oxide. METHODS: For infarct size measurements, anesthetized rats were subjected to 25 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Rats received nitrous oxide (60%), isoflurane (1.4%) or isoflurane-nitrous oxide (1.4%/60%) during three 5-min periods before index ischemia (each group, n = 7). Control animals remained untreated for 45 min. Additional hearts (control, 60% nitrous oxide alone%, and isoflurane-nitrous oxide [0.6%/60%, in equianesthetic doses]) were excised for Western blot of PKC-epsilon and Src kinase (each group, n = 4). RESULTS: Nitrous oxide had no effect on infarct size (59.1 +/- 15.2% of the area at risk vs. 51.1 +/- 10.9% in controls). Isoflurane (1.4%) and isoflurane-nitrous oxide (1.4%/60%) reduced infarct size to 30.9 +/- 10.6 and 28.7 +/- 11.8% (both P < 0.01). Nitrous oxide (60%) had no effect on phosphorylation (2.3 +/- 1.8 vs. 2.5 +/- 1.7 in controls, average light intensity, arbitrary units) and translocation (7.0 +/- 4.3 vs. 7.4 +/- 5.2 in controls) of PKC-epsilon. Src kinase phosphorylation was not influenced by nitrous oxide (4.6 +/- 3.9 vs. 5.0 +/- 3.8; 3.2 +/- 2.2 vs. 3.5 +/- 3.0). Isoflurane-nitrous oxide (0.6%/60%, in equianesthetic doses) induced PKC-epsilon phosphorylation (5.4 +/- 1.9 vs. 2.8 +/- 1.5; P < 0.001) and translocation to membrane regions (13.8 +/- 13.0 vs. 6.7 +/- 2.0 in controls; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Nitrous oxide is the first inhalational anesthetic without preconditioning effect on the heart. However, isoflurane-induced preconditioning and PKC-epsilon activation are not influenced by nitrous oxide.
BACKGROUND: For nitrous oxide, a preconditioning effect on the heart has yet not been investigated. This is important because nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with volatile anesthetics, which are known to precondition the heart. The authors aimed to clarify (1) whether nitrous oxide preconditions the heart, (2) how it affects protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine kinases (such as Src) as central mediators of preconditioning, and (3) whether isoflurane-induced preconditioning is influenced by nitrous oxide. METHODS: For infarct size measurements, anesthetized rats were subjected to 25 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Rats received nitrous oxide (60%), isoflurane (1.4%) or isoflurane-nitrous oxide (1.4%/60%) during three 5-min periods before index ischemia (each group, n = 7). Control animals remained untreated for 45 min. Additional hearts (control, 60% nitrous oxide alone%, and isoflurane-nitrous oxide [0.6%/60%, in equianesthetic doses]) were excised for Western blot of PKC-epsilon and Src kinase (each group, n = 4). RESULTS:Nitrous oxide had no effect on infarct size (59.1 +/- 15.2% of the area at risk vs. 51.1 +/- 10.9% in controls). Isoflurane (1.4%) and isoflurane-nitrous oxide (1.4%/60%) reduced infarct size to 30.9 +/- 10.6 and 28.7 +/- 11.8% (both P < 0.01). Nitrous oxide (60%) had no effect on phosphorylation (2.3 +/- 1.8 vs. 2.5 +/- 1.7 in controls, average light intensity, arbitrary units) and translocation (7.0 +/- 4.3 vs. 7.4 +/- 5.2 in controls) of PKC-epsilon. Src kinase phosphorylation was not influenced by nitrous oxide (4.6 +/- 3.9 vs. 5.0 +/- 3.8; 3.2 +/- 2.2 vs. 3.5 +/- 3.0). Isoflurane-nitrous oxide (0.6%/60%, in equianesthetic doses) induced PKC-epsilon phosphorylation (5.4 +/- 1.9 vs. 2.8 +/- 1.5; P < 0.001) and translocation to membrane regions (13.8 +/- 13.0 vs. 6.7 +/- 2.0 in controls; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Nitrous oxide is the first inhalational anesthetic without preconditioning effect on the heart. However, isoflurane-induced preconditioning and PKC-epsilon activation are not influenced by nitrous oxide.