Strategies to improve oral drug bioavailability.

Efforts to improve oral drug bioavailability have grown in parallel with the pharmaceutical industry. As the number and chemical diversity of drugs has increased, new strategies have been required to develop orally active therapeutics. The past two decades have been characterised by an increased understanding of the causes of low bioavailability and a great deal of innovation in oral drug delivery technologies, marked by an unprecedented growth of the drug delivery industry. The advent of biotechnology and consequent proliferation of biopharmaceuticals have brought new challenges to the drug delivery field. In spite of the difficulties associated with developing oral forms of this type of therapeutics, significant progress has been made in the past few years, with some oral proteins, peptides and other macromolecules currently advancing through clinical trials. This article reviews the approaches that have been successfully applied to improve oral drug bioavailability, primarily, prodrug strategies, lead optimisation through medicinal chemistry and formulation design. Specific strategies to improve the oral bioavailability of biopharmaceuticals are also discussed.