Preparation, indications and results of human amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface disorders.

In comparison with other biologic tissues used as reconstructive grafts, the amniotic membrane has the advantage that it is thinner and better tolerated by the patient. Amniotic membrane, when appropriately preserved, can be used as a substrate replacement, such that host cells can migrate into the membrane to form new and healthy tissue. The amniotic membrane is the deeper layer of the fetal membrane; it is avascular, multilayered tissue with antiangiogenic, antiscarring and anti-inflammatory properties. Since it does not express antigens of histocompatibility, the membrane is never rejected by the receiving tissues. In addition, the beneficial effects of reducing inflammation and neovascularization persist for a long time, if properly cryopreserved.