Left ventricular histomorphometric findings in dogs with heart failure treated with the Acorn Cardiac Support Device.

Progressive left ventricular (LV) dilation in the setting of heart failure is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The Acorn Cardiac Support Device (CSD, Acorn Cardiovascular, Inc., St. Paul, MN) is a preformed polyester device that is surgically placed over the cardiac ventricles, anchored to the AV-groove and tailored anteriorly to fit snugly over the epicardial surface of the heart. The CSD was shown to prevent progressive LV enlargement and, indeed, reduce LV size and attenuate global LV remodeling in both animal models of experimentally-induced heart failure as well as in patients with advanced heart failure. This review will examine the CSD from two histologic perspectives namely, (1) the interaction of the CSD with the epicardial surface of the heart and (2) the effects of long-term therapy with the CSD on cellular remodeling. The review will be based on available pre-clinical data generated in dogs with coronary microembolization-induced heart failure that underwent long-term (3 and 6 months) monotherapy with the CSD. The data will show that long-term implantation leads to encapsulation of the CSD by connective tissue that matures with time and that does not invade the underlying myocardium. Furthermore that implantation of the CSD has no adverse impact on epicardial coronary vessel. At the cellular level, existing data will show that long-term monotherapy with the CSD is associated with reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, reduced volume fraction of replacement and interstitial fibrosis, normalization of capillary density and oxygen diffusion distance and attenuation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The outcomes strongly argue in favor of a structural modification of the failing myocardium by CSD therapy that is consistent with "reverse cellular remodeling".