Global left ventricular remodeling with the Acorn Cardiac Support Device: hemodynamic and angiographic findings in dogs with heart failure.

Preventing progressive left ventricular (LV) remodeling is paramount in the treatment of heart failure. In recent years, several surgical approaches have been implemented with the objective of improving LV function through amelioration of progressive LV remodeling. These included surgical reduction of LV size, the so-called Batista procedure, dynamic cardiomyoplasty and mitral valve repair to limit or eliminate functional mitral regurgitation. While the Batista procedure and dynamic cardiomyoplasty have for all practical purposes been abandoned, the lessons learned from these procedures gave rise to a new generation of devices aimed at preventing progressive LV dilation and restoring LV shape by passive mechanical containment of the failing LV. One such device is the Acorn Cardiac Support Device (CSD) or the CorCap. Studies in dogs with intracoronary microembolization-induced moderate and advanced heart failure have shown that long-term monotherapy with the CSD not only prevents progressive LV dilation but, in effect, partially reverses this phenotype. These studies have also shown that the CSD restores, albeit in part, progressive LV chamber sphericity and attenuates functional mitral regurgitation. These benefits were accompanied by improvement in global LV function along with improvements of remodeling at the cellular level. The findings were largely responsible for initiating safety and feasibility clinical trials with the CSD and ultimately, the initiation of the Acorn efficacy trial that was completed in 2004. This review will focus on studies conducted in dogs with heart failure and, specifically on hemodynamic, angiographic and echocardiographic results from these studies that provided support for the CSD as a successful technology targeting "reverse LV remodeling" for the treatment of heart failure.