Strain-induced nonlinearity of filled rubbers.

Dynamic strain-induced nonlinearity in the modulus of filled rubbers shows a striking similarity to what is known about the glass transition of solid materials and the jamming transition of granular materials. This analogy stems from the reality that shear strain in dynamic mechanical measurements introduces fluctuations in a filler network by forcing the system to explore different configurations. Such fluctuations can be described by an "effective temperature" that has many attributes of a true temperature, and particularly is proportional to the strain amplitude. Thus, filled rubbers with respect to strain will display many unusual phenomena that are usually observed in glass-forming materials, but now demonstrated in filled rubbers, including asymmetric kinetics, crossover effects, and glasslike kinetic transitions. The nonlinearity in the modulus of filled rubbers simply reflects a dejamming transition of fillers in rubber matrices. The agglomeration of filler in an elastomeric matrix shares a common ground of physics with the jamming process and glass formation.