Celiac disease genetics: current concepts and practical applications.

Celiac disease is a multifactorial disease with complex genetics. Both HLA and non-HLA genes contribute to the genetic component, but recent findings suggest that the importance of non-HLA genes might have been overestimated. No susceptibility genes other than HLA-DQ have yet been identified in celiac disease. In contrast to the meager knowledge regarding non-HLA genes, we have acquired a detailed understanding about which HLA genes are predisposing for disease, and how they are involved in the pathogenesis. This knowledge might pave the road for novel treatments for the disease. The role of HLA as a necessary, but not sufficient, genetic factor can moreover be used for diagnostic purposes to exclude a celiac disease diagnosis. The applicability of HLA genotyping is particularly useful for excluding celiac disease in family members or risk groups with fairly unbiased distribution of HLA alleles (ie, patients with Turner syndrome and patients with Down syndrome) and in patients with a clinical suspicion of celiac disease.